A graduation party was organized on March 1, 2002 in the honor of Nepalese students graduating from Hokkaido University in March. This was the first program organized by HUNSA after its formation in January 20, 2002. All three graduating members participated in this event. Dr. Ganesh Prasad Dhakal and Dr. Ramji Bhandari had successfully completed their doctorate study from Graduate School of Engineering and Graduate School of Science, respectively. Mr. Chinta Mani Gautam had completed his master study from Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science.

The party started around 5:20 pm. All students and their family and some Nepalese residing in Sapporo gathered to congratulate the graduating friends. The program started with congratulatory message from Mr. Prakash Ranjitkar, President of HUNSA. Mr. Meghraj Bhandari, Secretary of HUNSA, conducted this program. Mr. Om Krishna Timilsina, President of HONESS also congratulated the Nepalese graduates and explained about HONESS, which is a social organization of Nepalese residents in Sapporo. The graduating students expressed their feelings and their experiences during their study and informed about their future plans. All participants congratulated them with the best wishes for future career.

Mr. Sanjay Giri performed a nice Nepali song and Mr. Hem Nath Ghimire came up with some interesting jokes and group acts and plays that made everybody laughing. The winner of logo competition Mr. Dhananjay Regmi was acknowledged for the best logo design and given a prize as a token of appreciation. The gathering also acknowledged contributions from Mr. Sunil Kumar Lama and Mr. Prakash Ranjitkar for designing logos for HUNSA.

In the later part of the program, a dinner party was held. Typical Nepali food prepared in traditional fashion made all participant feel at home. The lady members of this community coordinated this part of the program. Thanks for their efforts to organize the dinner party and preparation of delicious foods that everybody enjoyed during the party. The dinner party was followed by informal talks. Later, Mrs. Nanu Gen and Mrs. Sabina Ranjitkar performed a Nepali dance. The program was concluded around 8:00 pm.

A welcome program was organized on April 12, 2002 to welcome new Nepalese students at Hokkaido University in April semester. There were three newcomer friends, Mr. Ajoy Bista and Mr. Subesh Ghimire had joined intensive language course after coming from Nepal while Mr. Saseem Poudel who came from Tokyo after finishing one-year intensive language course had joined undergraduate course in the department of medical science. All of them participated in this program.

Most of the students and some of Nepalese residing in Sapporo gathered to welcome new friends. Mr. Meghraj Bhandari, Secretary of HUNSA, conducted the program. The newcomer friends introduced themselves and expressed their feeling after coming to Japan. They also explained about their educational and professional background before joining Hokkaido University. This was followed by introduction of all other participants. New friends were congratulated and welcomed in this community with best wishes for successful academic career at Hokkaido University.

Hokkaido University International Festival (hokudaisai) is organized every year in June along the main street of Hokkaido University. A large number of Japanese and International food stalls are set up to serve a wide variety of foods and drinks. Stage performances, exhibitions and street performances are other major attractions of this festival. Last year, Earth Club organized this event during June 6 - 9, 2002, in coordination with the International Student Center. HUNSA participated in this event for the first time jointly with HONESS. A Nepalese stall was erected in the allocated space in the morning hour on June 6, 2002. We were ready to serve customers from the noon. Over two thousands of visitors were served with Nepali foods during this festival. Momo, Chicken Curry Rice and Nepali Tea were served as Nepali food. Nepalese students also participated in the stage performance and performed a Nepali group dance and a song. The street performances were also interesting during this festival. Nepalese students performed typical Nepali dances in front of our stall that attracted many visitors. Some of the Japanese visitors and International students joined this group dance.

The work was challenging, as several activities have to be performed at the same time. We divided in to small groups to be involved in different activities like momo preparation, cooking matters, cutting onions and chickens, serving customers, inviting customers, performing Nepali dances in street, mobile food service, cleaning utensils etc. Sometimes, there were long queue for service while some time no customer. Lunchtime and evening time were peak time while in the afternoon time there were only few visitors. Although, a work schedule was prepared at the very beginning stage of preparation, it couldn’t be implemented properly mainly because of our hectic schedule.

Thanks to all members of our community who worked really hard to make it a great success. All Nepalese students showed a great team spirit during this event. Besides, we learned many things about the organization and management of such events that will be very useful for such similar events in future. Thanks to the lady members of our community for their contribution in the preparation of food, serving foods, inviting customers and performance of Nepali group dance. They have great contribution for the success of this event. Thanks to all Japanese friends who have contributed in this event. We are also thankful to all international students for their cooperation during this event. It has become one of the memorable events of our life.

On the auspicious occasion of DASHAIN (2059 BS), HUNSA organized a one-day intramural sports fun so as to draw away our members from the torment of regular academic life at least for a while. Better to have a look on the same rather than to explain in words.

HUNSA executive committee organised the farewell and interactive programmes on 7^th March at 5pm at the 3rd floor of Multimedia Building, Hokkaido University. Recently graduated HUNSA members Dr. Roshan Tuladhar & Mr. Dhananjay Regmi were given some souvenirs on behalf of HUNSA. Afterwards, these distinguished guests presented the summaries of their studies.

During the second phase of the programme, there were brief presentations on the basic computer skills. Dr. Krishna Hari Gautam spoke on Endnotes, Mr. Prakash Ranjitkar on Powerpoints and Webpage, and Mr. Subesh Ghimire on Coral-draw. Afterwards, informational note on computer software was also prepared. The programme also associated with a reception in between the two sessions.

HUNSA organized a Talk/Interaction program among their members on 11 October 2002 in Hokkaido University. The principal purpose of this program was to exchange and share the knowledge of their individual researches/findings, with the view that it could be informative and equally useful to other members too in order to grasp the broad spectrum of knowledge.

Active participation of members and constructive discussion on the presentation made the program much interesting and worthy. It was very enjoyable to have the discussion on our own Nepali language and was much understandable to everyone even though presentations were from various field of study. Due to such achievements, raise of enthusiasm for the organization of such activities in further days too have been realized among the members. In order to disseminate the general discussion of the program, the compilation of the abstracts of the presentation is provided below. For the detail query on the individual topic, it is requested to contact the respective authors directly.

The abstract of all the presentations is compiled below. Abstract of the presentation by Roshan Tuladhar is included under the topics ‘Thesis Abstract’.

In-situ state of stress in rock is very important for design aspects of any structure to be constructed below the ground. It is more important in the case of tunnel and large caverns that are being constructed in greater numbers in the recent years. In recent years, the trend of data obtained relating to the stresses in rock has been increasing. However, most of the data is from hard and moderately hard rocks. Therefore the development of stress measurement method for soft rock is felt very necessary.

The objective of this research is to develop an instrument for the measurement of in-situ stresses in soft rocks. A new stressmeter to measure the radial and axial deformation of a pilot borehole during overcoring has been developed. As the strain gauges are not directly in touch with the rock and as axial displacement is also measured, this stressmeter is applicable to soft rocks also. The stresses in the rock are evaluated based on the measured borehole deformations.

Calibration of the sensors of the new stress meter, to measure diametrical and axial displacement, was carried out to convert the microstrain reading to the respective micrometer displacement.

Laboratory experiments were carried out to simulate the functioning of the stressmeter with the use of a rectangular welded tuff block (40cm x 40cm x 40cm) having a borehole of 40mm diameter at the center. The stressmeter was inserted into the borehole and uniaxial load was applied to the block along x-axis and z-axis, to simulate the stress relief work in the stressed rock mass. The calculated stresses in both the cases were compared with the applied loads and were found to be in accordance with it. This indicates that the new stressmeter can be applied for the in-situ stress measurement with ovecoring method in soft rocks.

In the lack of the perennial rivers, for the peak load and dry season electricity demand it is necessary to have the storage type Hydro projects. For such projects, provision of detention dam causes the accumulation of the incoming sediment due to the checking of the sediment flow downstream of the rivers. As a result, useful life of the project come on depletion and may affect on its effective functioning. Especially for the country with the mountainous terrains with the fragile lands and the flash flood distinctive rivers, flow has the large possession of sediment on it. There are many challenges standing against the development of the storage type Hydro projects and sedimentation problem belongs to one of the technical challenges among them.

An integrated approach is necessary for the mitigation of the sediment hazard starting from the watershed area to the reservoir management. In order to check the incoming sediment entering in to the reservoir in advance, bypassing technique could be one of the countermeasures on that regard. It not only minimizes the sediment accumulation at the reservoir but also help in maintaining the sediment flow equilibrium downstream of the dam.

For such technique, Bypass tunnel or channel is necessary to divert the incoming sediment. In mountain regions where the river has the steep grade, bypass tunnel could be constructed with the sufficient slope so that it is not choked during its functioning. The major challenge in this technique is the abrasion and almost all the limited numbers of reported projects have faced this problem. Researches are being carried out on the development of high strength abrasion proof construction materials and designing of the bypass technique for its hydraulic efficient functioning etc.

Such technique could also be useful to our country "Nepal" towards the development of Hydropower, where we believe to have enormous potential of hydro wealth.

Transportation engineering is the part of engineering that deals with safe, convenient and efficient movement of people and goods from one place to another place. Various modes and means of transportation were introduced. Transportation industry is facing problem worldwide due to increasing travel demand. The construction of new infrastructure to meet travel demand is not always possible due to economic, social and environmental constraints. In such situation, Travel Demand Management (TDM) is a useful tool to control and manage travel demand. Various TDM measures were introduced including traffic regulations and restrictions, priority to high occupancy vehicles, mass transit, road pricing, area licensing etc.

Traffic engineering deals with planning and design of road facilities and control systems to provide safe, convenient and economic movement of persons and goods.

The road users, vehicles, roadways and control systems are four components of traffic system. The traffic characteristics are the result of many varied and complex interactions among these components. It is difficult to control or predict the behavior of road users while the safety and efficiency of road users and vehicles can be optimized through proper design of roads and control systems.

Intelligent Transportation Systems are basically implementation advanced information and control technologies in transportation systems to improve its efficiency and safety. Advanced Traffic Information System (ATIS) provides real time information to travelers about traffic conditions, accidental delays, transit schedules, parking availability, roadwork, route guidance from origin to destination etc to make safer and more efficient travel decisions.

  Automated Vehicle System (AHS) is perhaps the most technically advanced form of ITS which is aimed to improve efficiency of highway operation by automating the movement of vehicles.

Besides these common transportation issues a brief introduction to the current research topic of the author, which is about microscopic analysis traffic flow dynamics, was presented. The presentation covered information about car following experiments conducted in a test track using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for data collection.

Management of river training & rehabilitation works is still an art despite numerous studies. There are several studies that have been focused on bank protection technique, navigation improvement, habitats improvement etc. River training structures are the appropriate solution for multiple purposes. On the contrary, such structures have significant impact on hydraulic and geo-morphological changes of rivers. This may cause negative environmental consequences on the one hand and the failure of the structure itself on the other. It is thought that structure-induced impact appears to have been overlooked in previous works.

Of most problems that have been facing in river engineering since long, riverbank erosion is of great significance from practical engineering point of view, in particular, in the context of Nepal. Lack of proper construction technique in consideration of specific hydraulic and morphological condition of rivers and precise assessment of structure-induced impact on equilibrium river regime has thought to be underlying causes of negative environmental consequences as well as failure of structure. For an instance, field study that was made for 50 sites with river training structures in Nepal so as to evaluate their performance (Upadhyaya S.B.), more than 60% was found as failure sites. Such evidences point out towards the necessity for an integrated and state-of-the-art approach to be undertaken.

Despite tremendous efforts in the past, Nepalese agricultural sector did not grow well. Consequently, a long-term, called Perspective Agricultural Development Plan (APP) was formulated in 1995. It covers the period 1995-2015. This APP tries to accelerate the agricultural growth by increasing factor productivity, expanding employment opportunities, transformation of subsistence agriculture into a commercial one through diversification and with the principle of comparative advantage. There are immediate, short-term and long-term strategies for its implementation. It also includes the guidelines for preparing periodic plans and programs in future. 

APP’s implementation requires specific demands like large public sector investment and a set of institutional mechanisms at the central and district levels to promote coordination, monitoring and evaluation, which have always been Nepal’s problem in the previous plans as well. On top of that, changes on policy and institutional environment occurred in Nepal after its formulation has further complicated its successful implementation. All these have posed newer and perhaps more serious issues on APP’s application as a guide to Nepal’s national planning. However, this APP does not take prices in its entire analysis of growth. It presents a rather mechanical view on the promotion of technology and presents rather over-simplified assumptions regarding institutions, their policies and accountabilities. It has excessive focus on inputs rather than outcomes and appears to be rigid prescriptions coupled with fixed targets.

Professor Kizaki Koshiro, DSc, a renowned geologist, has been involved in studying on the Himalayas since the 1970s, and concurrently, in developing education system in Nepal. He is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of the Ryukyus, Japan. Professor Koshiro enthrallingly responded (through email) to Hokudai Bisauni on various issues¹.

First, because of the existence of the world’s highest mountain range: The Himalayas, I have been attracted and wanted to climb up the peaks, while my private and official conditions prevented me from going to Nepal in those days.  Second, my thesis was to investigate the building process of the Hidaka Mountains in Hokkaido Japan as a faculty in the Department of Geology, Hokkaido University. So my interest shifted to the mountain building process of the Himalayas.  However, it was not until the autumn of 1976 to start my visit to Nepal when the Geological Society of India invited me for a Symposium on the Himalayan Geology in New Delhi.

The mountain building process of the Himalayas is a quite interesting subject, which is to be integrated with the results of interdisciplinary studies from the viewpoints of geomorphology, geology, geophysics and geochemistry.  It was quite delightful to see that ten to twenty skilled specialists working together, sometime dispersed, in the different fields and the resulted data were ultimately focused to an object: the Himalayan Upheaval. International cooperative works and discussions were also done with the Himalayan geologists from developed countries as well.

Nepal is a beautiful country to trek; around anywhere you will be able to meet joyful, kind and soft minded people who makes us enjoyable and happy. The environment like this reminds us that we, Japanese people, have ever had such a feeling and atmosphere sometime ago. However, quite a few Nepali intellectuals seems lost their national identity relying too much upon the foreign aid.  This is very sad though it should be considered to be inevitable in the present circumstances in this country.

I led a project "Crustal Movement of the Nepal Himalayas" from 1980 to 1988 carried out in collaboration with the Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University with the grant of the Ministry of Education and Science, Japan. The collaborative works and results have contributed internationally and accordingly upgraded the intellectual status of the Department.   Later (1993-1996), I had a couple of classes for the graduate students at the Central Department of Geology as a Visiting Professor (JICA Expert).   The lecture notes based on the results from the project have been published from the Department as "An outline of the Himalayan Upheaval - A case study of the Nepal Himalayas-, 1994", and it was highly appreciated. Another textbook "Himalayan Metamorphic Rocks in Thin Section, 1995", covering the polarized photomicrographs of the typical metamorphic rocks from the Himalayas, was the first coloured book of photomicrographs of thin sections of the rocks in Nepal.   Furthermore, closely collaborative work was a geological mapping project to produce maps on the scale of 1:50,000 in SW Nepal.  Nearly all the staffs of the Department had joined in surveying, and eventually coloured map had been printed, which was the first coloured geological map on that scale in Nepal. Such map, I hope, should be quite useful not only for the construction of the infrastructure but also for preventing the natural hazard.

A few Nepali staffs of the Department were still immature for the experts nevertheless they are willing to do research work. The main reasons are listed. a) The education system of the Faculty of Science and Technology seems to be out-dated.  The students have to study three years at the undergraduate Bachelor's course within which they can use the last one-year for their own technical field e.g. geology or biology or physics etc.  It is not enough for the professional training compared to our system, which has two years and even more for the undergraduate geology students.  So, the graduated M. Sc. students could not be professional, consequently the M. Sc. course is inevitably more or less on the level of the undergraduate course.  b) The fund for research work including field survey is almost nil, accordingly it is impossible for the members of the Department to carry on research work by themselves whatever they had desire to do. c) To study the natural science like geology, the apparatus such as polarized microscope, X-ray instruments and so on are indispensable but such equipments were so poor that they obliged only to give lectures depending on the texts not on their results of investigation.

Universities should be independent from the political affairs. In case of the TU, I have observed reshuffle of Vice Chancellor, Rector, Registrar, Deans and Head of the Departments with the reshuffle of the cabinet. What had been going since my back home in 1996, I don't know but I believe much progress has been going on.  However, I am convinced that there is no hope as far as the TU plays a roll of the politician's playground and training school.

One of the most important things is to reform of the education system. Ten plus two system was accomplished in primary course. Entrance examination system to the TU has been introduced or not yet, I don't know. The undergraduate course needs much improvement. The TU should be subdivided into local Colleges and Universities, which makes effective management. Issues are known, however, materializing is a big challenge.   Lastly I have to comment that education such as the natural science, including technology and engineering, appeared to be neglected for a long time in Nepal.  I wonder whether the Nepali society has historically been thinking much of the sciences or not.  The education of the science and technology should be much more strengthen from the stage of primary education for the nation's future.

Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) is a new material that has just over a decade long history of application into the infrastructure construction industry. They are being favored because it has a number of material superiority over steel such as light weight, anti-corrosive, anti-magnetism, high tensile strength, workable etc. The recent seismic design codes of many countries specify large amount of shear reinforcements. The recent Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) code specifies the spacing of not less than 150 mm compared to 1986 JSCE specification of 300mm spacing. This kind of provision has result a crowded arrangement of shear reinforcement in the reinforced concrete construction for seismic design. The construction workmanship is difficult to maintain under such condition, especially arranging into complicated designed shapes and provision of acute angled or semi circular hooks. In order to provide ease in construction and to reduce workmanship deficiency, Carbon Fiber Flexible shear Reinforcement (CFFR) and Polyacetal Fiber Flexible shear Reinforcement (PFFR) have been developed at the Hybrid Structures Laboratory of Hokkaido University in technical collaboration with Nippon Steel Composites and Asahi Chemicals.

Both CFFR and PFFR were tested as continuous shear reinforcement for concrete piers. The CFFR showed rupture at one of the bent-portions as the terminal failure mode. It is because the carbon fiber has high stiffness but low fracturing strain; so-called brittle material. An investigation into the properties of the CFFR at the bent-portion showed that the rupture failure of the CFFR at the bent-portion was governed by the angle at which it is wound around the main reinforcement and the curvature of the CFFR at the bent-portion. As the angle of winding increased, the strength at the bent-portion decreased. As the diameter of the main bar increased the strength at the bent-portion increased. On the other hand, the PFFR showed no rupture of fiber at the bent-portion. The reason is attributed to the high fracturing strain of the polyacetal fiber; so-called tough material. The PFFR is shown to replace the 75% of steel shear reinforcement without fracture at the bent-portion.

Rockfall observation, together with the measurement of rock surface temperature, frosts induced movement, change in snow cover area, and rainfall in different slope–aspect and altitude gave some basic information regarding factors responsible for the rockfall occurrence.

Rockfall activities during dry-, rainy- and winter-season were investigated by direct rockfall counting in the upper Kanchenjunga valley, north-east corner of the Nepal Himalaya. Rockfall activity abruptly increased from the middle of dry season (middle of April) and remained very high during rainy season. In winter the number of rockfall was very small. The number of rockfall/km² was maximum in the east-facing slope, followed by south-, west- and north-facing slopes. The rockfall abruptly increased in the morning time (between 8:00 am and 8:59 am). The number of rockfall was high before noon in the east-facing slope while it was high in the afternoon west-facing slope.

In dry and summer seasons, the number of rockfall varies because the area of the exposed bedrock fluctuates, while it does not have any significant difference in winter. Precipitation plays an important role in the rockfall activity only in summer when the temperature is high enough to melt the snow. The north-facing slope has small diurnal range of rock surface temperature, while the east-, west-, and south-facing slopes have large diurnal range in winter and vice versa in summer. The south-facing slope experiences multiple diurnal freeze thaw cycles. In contrast the seasonal freeze thaw action is considered to dominate on the north-facing slope. As a result small fragments are produced in the south-facing slope, and large blocks are released in the north-facing slope. FTC (freeze thaw cycles) and EFTC (effective freeze thaw cycles) are effective only if bedrock cliffs are wet either by melt-water or by precipitation. Monitoring of frost wedging shows the seasonal expansion and contraction of the rock joints, i.e., expansion in winter and contraction in dry and rainy seasons.

From March to May, maximum retreat rate (mm/km²/day) was maximum in the east-facing slope followed by the north- south- and west- facing slopes. While compared the entire area of the north- and south-facing mountain massifs, the number of rockfall is higher in the south–facing mountain massif but the retreat rate is higher in the north–facing mountain massif.

　まずは新婦の自宅でお披露目パーティーが開かれました。自宅前に色彩豊かなテントを設置してイスを並べ、大規模なパーティー会場が組み立てられます。その一角に新婦専用の場所を設け、花嫁衣裳に身を包んだ新婦が訪問客を待ちます。昼間の明るいうちから始まったこのパーティーは真夜中まで続き、大勢の招待客が新婦へのプレゼントを手にやってきます。パーティー会場ではフライドポテトや魚のフリッターなど、軽食やドリンクの他にバイキング形式で何種類もの料理が振舞われます。

　翌日、新郎が新婦を迎えに行く儀式が行われました。「ただ、新婦を迎えに行くだけだよ。」と聞いていた私は目が点になるほど盛大なお迎えでした。新郎は自宅前からきれいな花や装飾が施されたゴールドの車に乗り、鼓笛隊を先頭ににぎやかな音の中新婦を迎えに行きます。家族や親戚みながその後をついて歩く、まさにパレードというべき大行列です。道行人たちはみな、このパレードに目を留め、家の中にいる人は外へ出てきて祝福します。このパレードについて新郎いわく、「（鼓笛隊が）とてもにぎやかだから近所迷惑になると思う・・・。」ネパールでの結婚式は昔と比べて少しずつ派手になってきているそうです。

新婦の家に到着した後、家では儀式が行われます。新婦を送り出す儀式のためか新郎は参加しません。儀式のため何種類もの供物が盛られた大きな皿が用意されてありました。昔ながらのしきたりにしたがって儀式は進められますが、それぞれの供物を手で小さくちぎり、そのかけらを他の供物に触れさせたり、その手を食べ物の種類ごとにひたい（こめかみのあたり）につけたりと複雑な方法で行われていました。一通りの儀式が終わった後、新婦はいよいよこの家を旅立つのですが、娘を嫁に出す新婦のお母様のせつない顔がとても印象的でた。

玄関先で行われた新婦を家へ迎え入れる儀式。

ネパールの結婚式はこれで終わらず、翌日には新婦が実家（本家のようです）を訪れ、そこでもまた親戚が集まっての儀式が行われました。その後にも新婦側の親戚たちが新郎の家に訪問する儀式があると聞き、新婦のスバルナさんにネパールの結婚式は大変ですねと尋ねると、「これで全部じゃないのよ。時間がないからこれでもカットしているのよ。」と流暢な日本語で返答してくれました。

English Version

Few days back, I went to Nepal for a week in order to attend the wedding ceremony of my friend Surendra. In Nepal, the wedding ceremony took several days with grand ceremonies. It was very interesting for me.

At bride’s house: At first, the wedding reception was held at bride’s house. Many colorful tents and chairs were installed in front of her house for this large-scale party. There was a seat for bride in one corner. The bride was waiting for her guests on her bridal dress. The party was started in the daytime and continued until after midnight. A large number of guests came to meet her with a gift. We were entertained with some snacks, several types of dishes and drinks.

Meeting the bride: The next day, the ceremony was held for meeting the bride. I’ve heard "Just meet the bride" beforehand. But it was not "Just". The Bridegroom rode on a car beautifully decorated with flowers. His family and relatives went to the bride’s house with a drum and fife corps. What a grand parade they had! Everyone looked at this parade, even people who were inside their house. The groom received blessing from all of the people. He said about such a big parade "The sound is so loud and bothers everyone in the neighborhood." Oh, my goodness! Wedding ceremony in Nepal seemed to become very luxurious.

Ceremony for bride: After they arrived at bride’s house, the ceremony went on without the groom. This ceremony was for bride and her family. Several big plates, which were dished up with different kinds of traditional foods, were prepared for the ceremony. The ceremony progressed following their tradition. Bride put each small piece of food on another food and her forehead in the ceremony. After all ceremony at bride’s house was completed, she left her house at last. Her mother looked at her very sadly. The sight touched everyone.

After that: Nepali traditional wedding ceremony was continued. The bride had another ceremony at her grandfather’s house with her relatives the next day. They also had a ceremony for seeing new life after that. We were really surprised that the typical Nepali traditional wedding ceremony lasted so long. However, I was more surprised to hear from the bride that "It’s not all the process, we cut it short." What a hard Nepali wedding ceremony is!

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